Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Chung Nam Kim

29 Articles

Factors Influencing Depression and Quality of Life in Elderly Customized Home Visiting Health Services: Yun Hee Kwon, Chung Nam Kim, Oh Gye Kwag; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(3):262-271. Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.3.262

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PURPOSE
The study was conducted in order to identify factors influencing depression and quality of life in elderly customized home visiting health services.
METHODS
A total of 442 people participated as the subjects of this study. Data were collected during the period from June to September in 2010 and the measurement tool used for this study was the customized home visiting health service recording sheet recommended by the Ministry of Health. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 17.0.
RESULTS
Depression was correlated negatively with quality of life. According to the results of this research, factors influencing depression in elderly customized home visiting health services were quality of life, customized home visiting health service period, and IADL. Factors influencing quality of life in elderly customized home visiting health services were depression, joint exercise capacity, age, connection to volunteerism, IADL and ADL.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study can be leveraged as complementary information for the effective management of customized home visiting health service subjects. Moreover, the results can be used as a reference for future studies.

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Factors Affecting the Intention to Participate in Healthcare Programs among Elders Living Alone
Mi Sook Song, Sunjoo Boo
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 319. CrossRef
Cognitive Functions, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Depression and Quality of Life in the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Yeon Ok Kim, Moon Sook Shim
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(2): 219. CrossRef
Relationships of Depression Symptom, Self-Esteem, and Stress to Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Hypertension Registered to a Community Health Center
Mi Ni Choi, Eun-Hyun Lee
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(2): 165. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Quality of Life in Low- Income Elders Living at Home: A Literature Review
Chung-Min Cho
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(2): 372. CrossRef

Elders' Health Status, Quality of Life, and Satisfaction with Customized Home Visiting Health Service Depending on Connection to Volunteerism: Ji Eun Park, Chung Nam Kim, Yun Hee Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(4):448-457. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.4.448

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PURPOSE
This study attempted to identify differences in elders' health status, quality of life, and satisfaction with customized home visiting health service depending on connection to volunteerism.
METHODS
A total of 400 subjects participated in this research. Data were collected from May to August of 2009 and the measurement tool used for this study was the house visiting health service recording sheet recommended by the Ministry of Health.
RESULTS
According to the results of this research on elders' health status in customized home visiting health service depending on connection to volunteerism, elders connected to volunteerism positively showed a high level in functional health status areas such as daily life performance ability, instrumental daily life performance ability and Joint exercise capacity, and in the quality of life area.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study can be utilized as complementary information when resources and networks are used for the effective management of house visiting health service subjects.

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Benefit analysis of visiting healthcare in public health centers
Sukja Ko, Young-Ho Jung, Jae Yong Lee
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(5): 69. CrossRef
Nutritional Risk, Stress, and Health related Quality of Life among Older Women with a Foreign Daughter-in-Law
Mikyung Park, Kiwol Sung
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(2): 312. CrossRef
The Effects of an Exercise Program using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader for Elders' Physical Fitness, Cognitive Function, Depression, and Quality of Life
Yeon-Hee Choi, Na-Young Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 346. CrossRef

The Effects of a School Safety Education Program Based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model in Upper Grade Elementary Students: Chung Nam Kim, En Young Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(4):419-428. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.4.419

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of a school safety education program based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for upper grade elementary students.
METHODS
One hundred ten 6th-grade students sampled from an elementary school in D City were divided into the education group (n=55) and the non-education group (n=55). School safety education was provided to the education group for 8 weeks and a questionnaire survey about safety knowledge, safety practice and the frequency of safety negligence was carried out before and after the education from March 2 to July 13, 2010.
RESULTS
After the application of the safety education program, the education group got a higher safety knowledge score than the non-education group (p<.001). Both the education and non-education groups showed a significantly increased safety practice score (p<.01). In the comparison of safety negligence, the education group showed lower frequency (p<.01). In addition, according to the results of ANCOVA and t-test, the school safety education program influenced safety knowledge significantly (p<.001).
CONCLUSION
This result shows that a school safety education program based on PRECEDE-PROCEED can improve safety knowledge. Further studies will be required to develop continuous and systematic safety education programs.

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Effect of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on health programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Junghee Kim, Jaeun Jang, Bora Kim, Kyung Hee Lee
Systematic Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Case Study the Awareness of Safety Education and School Safety of one Technical high school Students
Young Ho Hong
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(7): 536. CrossRef

The Effects of Hand Acupuncture & Moxibustion Therapy on Elders' Shoulder Pain, ADL/IADL and Sleep Disorders: Young Ock Lee, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(2):229-241. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.2.229

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hand acupuncture.moxibustion therapy on elders' shoulder pain, ADL/IADL and sleep disorder.
METHODS
This is quasi-experimental with none equivalent control group pretest posttest design. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of Experimental Group A (Ceramic Seoammoxa therapy) (n=20), Experimental Group B (Seoampellet therapy) (n=18), Experimental Group C (Ceramic Seoammoxa and Seoampellet therapy) (n=20), and a control group (n=20). The intervention was applied 3 times per week for 6 weeks. NRS, Song's ADL/IADL scale, Oh, Shin and Kim's sleep disorders scale were used.
RESULTS
Hypothesis "Both shoulder pain and the level of sleep disorders of the experimental group A, B and C would be lower than the control group" was supported (p<.001). Hypothesis "ADL/IADL of the experimental group A, B and C would be higher than the control group" was supported (p<.001). In 3 weeks after the experiment, the experimental group A, B and C showed significant difference in change of ADL/IADL (p=.013). In 6 weeks after the experiment, the experimental group A, B and C showed significant difference in change of ADL/IADL (p<.001) and sleep disorders (p<.001).
CONCLUSION
Consequently, the hand acupuncture.moxibustion was an effective therapy in relieving shoulder pain and sleep disorders and improving ADL/IADL among elders.

Citations

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Effets positifs de la manupuncture sur la douleur périopératoire
Céline Pouhin, Sandrine Boccard, François Volot, Agnès Geantot, Damien Muti Desgrouas, Gines Linares, Iris Papavasileiou, Marc Bonelli
Oxymag.2022; 35(183): 15. CrossRef
Effects of Hand Acupressure on Sleep Quality and Pruritus in Patients on Hemodialysis
Yeo Ju Kim, Hyojung Park
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(6): 610. CrossRef
Effects of Hand Moxibustion and Hand Press Pellet on Low Back Pain, Range of Joint Movement, and Depression
Yeoun Ok Kim, Soon Ock Choi, Jee Won Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(3): 336. CrossRef

The Effects of a Fall Prevention Program on the Low-Income Elderly at Risk of Falls: Il Seon Hyeon, Myong Hwa Park, Kyong Min Park, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(2):200-209. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.2.200

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PURPOSE
This study was conducted to determine the effects of a fall prevention program on knowledge, efficacy, and prevention behavior of falls among the low-income elderly.
METHODS
This study used a nonequivalent control group pre and post test quasi-experimental research design. The study was conducted from August to October, 2008 with 20 subjects in the experimental group and 22 in the control group who were registered at the public health center of S District in D City.
RESULTS
Hypothesis 1 "The experimental group that participated in the fall prevention program will show a higher degree of knowledge about falls than the control group" was supported. Hypothesis 2 "The experimental group will have a higher degree of self-efficacy of falls than the control group" was not supported. Hypothesis 3 "The experimental group will report fall prevention behavior more frequently than the control group" was supported.
CONCLUSION
It was verified that the fall prevention program in this study was an effective intervention to improve knowledge about falls and fall prevention behaviors among the low-income elderly. The results can be used as part of an intervention to prevent falls for the vulnerable elderly such as the low-income elderly.

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Effects of smartphone mirroring-based telepresence exercise on body composition and physical function in obese older women
Jeeyoung Hong, Suk Wha Kim, Hyunjin Joo, Hyoun-Joong Kong
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2022; 34(5): 1113. CrossRef
Risk factors of repeated falls in the community dwelling old people
Jae Soon Yoo, Chul Gyu Kim, Jong Eun Yim, Mi Yang Jeon
Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.2019; 15(2): 275. CrossRef
Older Adults With Hip Arthroplasty: An Individualized Transitional Care Program
YoungJi Ko, JuHee Lee, EuiGeum Oh, MoNa Choi, ChangOh Kim, KiWol Sung, SeungHoon Baek
Rehabilitation Nursing.2019; 44(4): 203. CrossRef
Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
Ki-taek Lim, Ji-eun Lee, Ha-eun Park, Su-young Park, Woochol Joseph Choi
Physical Therapy Korea.2019; 26(2): 34. CrossRef
Effects of Fall Prevention Education Program on Attitudes, Prevention Behaviors, and Satisfaction among Elderly Inpatients
Young Ok Kang, Rhayun Song
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(1): 49. CrossRef
Effects of a Fall Prevention Program on Physical Fitness, Fall Efficacy and Fall Prevention Behavior among Community-dwelling Older Adults
Hee-Eun Jo, Myung Ja Kim
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2017; 20(1): 22. CrossRef
Factors influencing falls in the frail elderly individuals in urban and rural areas
Jae Soon Yoo, Chul Gyu Kim, JongEun Yim, Mi Yang Jeon
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2016; 28(4): 687. CrossRef
The Mediating Effect of Fall Risk Perception on the Relationship between Fracture Risk and Fall Prevention Behaviors in Women with Osteoporosis
Eun Nam Lee, Eun Jung Choi, Moon Jung Jang, Hyun Ju Hwang
Journal of muscle and joint health.2015; 22(2): 130. CrossRef
A Structural Equation Model of Fall Prevention Behavior among Community-dwelling Older Adults with Osteoarthritis
Keong Sook Jang, Rhayun Song
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(6): 684. CrossRef
Effects of a Randomized Controlled Recurrent Fall Prevention Program on Risk Factors for Falls in Frail Elderly Living at Home in Rural Communities
JongEun Yim
Medical Science Monitor.2014; 20: 2283. CrossRef
Relations among Fall Efficacy, Perception of Fall Risk and Fall Prevention Behavior in the Frail Elderly at Home
Young-Hee Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(7): 3383. CrossRef
Effects of a Fall Prevention Program on Falls in Frail Elders Living at Home in Rural Communities
Jae-Soon Yoo, Mi Yang Jeon, Chul-Gyu Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(5): 613. CrossRef
Effects of a Comprehensive Lifestyle Improvement Program for Middle-aged Women with Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease-related Risk Factors
Mi-Kyoung Park, Jeong-Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(2): 111. CrossRef
Development of a Knowledge Scale of Fall Risk Factors for Community-dwelling Older Adults
Chong-Min Hong
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2012; 24(3): 244. CrossRef
Effects of a Health Diary Program on Fall-Related Outcomes in Low-Income Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis
Myung-Suk Lee
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2011; 36(3): 167. CrossRef

Factors Influencing the Health Status and Life Satisfaction of Elders in Free and Charged Welfare Facilities: Yoen Kyoung Kim, Kyung Min Park, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008;19(2):317-325. Published online June 30, 2008

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing the health status and life satisfaction of elders in welfare facilities.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were selected randomly among those without cognitive impairment from free (140 persons) and charged (140 persons) welfare facilities in the Yeongnam area. Data was analyzed using t-test and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULTS
Health status and life satisfaction were 2.52 and 1.98, respectively, in the elders from free welfare facilities, and 2.67 and 2.08 respectively, in the elders from charged welfare facilities. In those from free facilities, life satisfaction and motivation for getting into the welfare facility were the influencing factors of health status. In those from charged facilities, life satisfaction, gender, motivation for getting into the welfare facility, limited service such as physiotherapy, age, and lack of staff and professionalism were the influence factors of health status. In those from free facilities, health status, relationship conflict with fellow elders, lack of staff and professionalism, insufficient facilities and inadequate environment, and indifference of sons and daughters were the influence factors of life satisfaction, In those from charged facilities, health status, education and age were the influence factors of life satisfaction.
CONCLUSIONS
It was found that both health status and life satisfaction of elders in charged welfare facilities were higher than those in free welfare facilities.

The Effects of Hope Intervention on the Hope and Quality of Life of Cancer Patients Staying at Home and Cared in Public Health Center: Chung Nam Kim, A Mi Shin, Kyung Min Park, Myong Hwa Park, Yeong Ah Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008;19(2):177-187. Published online June 30, 2008

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to identify the effects of hope intervention on the hope and quality of life of cancer patients staying at home.
METHOD
The study adopted the randomized control group design. The subjects consisted of randomly selected forty cancer patients who were registered at S-Gu Public Health Center. Hope intervention which was composed of hope assessment, positive self identity formation, hope objective setting, therapeutic relationship and spiritual & transcendental process improving, and hope evaluation was provided from October 22, 2007 to November 30, 2007.
RESULT
Hypothesis 1-1 "The experimental group that received hope intervention will have a higher score of hope than the control group", was supported(t=-3.108, p=.004). Hypothesis 1-2 "The experimental group that received hope intervention will have a higher level of hope index than the control group", was supported (t=-4.219, p=.000). Therefore, Hypothesis 1 "The experimental group that received hope intervention will have a higher level of hope than the control group" was supported. Hypothesis 2 "The experimental group that received hope intervention will have a higher level of quality of life than the control group", was not supported (t=-1.726, p=.092).
CONCLUSION
Hope intervention is an effective nursing intervention to enhance hope for patients with cancer staying at home.

The Effects of Exercise.Behavior Modification Therapy on the Obesity Control and Self-esteem of the Obese Female College Students: Chung Nam Kim, Yun Hee Kwon, Kyung Min Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(2):293-300. Published online June 30, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To examine the effect of the exercise.behavior modification therapy one the obesity control and self-esteem of the obese female college students.
METHOD
Data was collected from March 10, 2006 to June 10, 2006. The research design was adopted randomized control group (EG=exercise group) pretest-posttest experimental (E . BG=exercise . behavior modification therapy group) design. The subjects were nursing students at T college. A total of 37 obese female college students(BMI: over 27mg/m2) were selected for this research. The exercise program was executed for 12 weeks and 4 days a week, and the behavior modification was therapy performed for 12 weeks and 60 minutes per week. The data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 12.0 program through the Mann-Whitney test.
RESULT
BMI(Z=-3.049, p=.002) of the E . BG was significantly different from the EG. The Total Cholesterol(Z=-1.162, p=.250) of the E . BG was not significantly different from the EG. The self-esteem(Z=-3.196, p=.001) of the E.BG was significantly different from the EG.
CONCLUSION
The exercise . behavior modification therapy was more effective than the exercise therapy in improving the obesity and self-esteem of the obese female college students.

Evaluation of Community Health Center for Vulnerable Population in Urban Areas: Kyung Min Park, Chung Nam Kim, Hyo Jung Koh, Yeong Sook Park, Jung Sook Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(2):266-275. Published online June 30, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate achievements of a community health center for vulnerable population in urban areas and to find out its strength and weakness.
METHOD
This evaluative study employed system theories and analytic techniques.
RESULTS
The purpose of improving vulnerable population's health-related self-care abilities adequately met the operation of programs. This center maintained close connection to a nursing college as a information resource. The subjects' satisfaction was high because team members who visited them were faithful and there were face-to-face contact, sufficient time set, closeness and resourcefulness. There were needs for regular meetings to discuss overall matters in organizing the program and to improve management skills. The mean score of health promotion lifestyle was 2.23 on a 4 point scale. This score indicates what in higher than vulnerable people in other communities.
CONCLUSIONS
Community-based nursing centers for vulnerable population in urban areas should be developed as support organizations and community network.

A Diagnostic Study on the Development of a Health Promotion Program for Vinyl House Farmers: Chung Nam Kim, Kyung Soon Lim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(1):90-101. Published online March 31, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate influencing factors of health problems which the vinyl house farmers had experienced.
METHOD
Based on PRECEDE model, this study was done with 110 respondents(50 to 69 years old), working in vinyl house and living in the remote area where the primary health post located.
RESULTS
Quality of life was low in economical status, emotional status, and physical function. Health problems were founded as pain and chronic fatigue that were caused by physical symptoms, weakened physical strength, and increased blood pressure and cholesterol. Behavioral and environmental factors were related with lack of exercise, irregular eating habit, curtailed sleep, overwork, wrong working postures, stress, and non-fulfillment of safety standard during spraying pesticide. Self efficacy was low in excercise practice, working way, and stress management.
CONCLUSION
The Health Promotion Program for vinyl house farmers should be developed to improve health promoting behavior and self efficacy, to reduce stress, and to strengthen physical function.

The Relationship between Computer Game Addiction and the Impulsiveness, Aggression, and Emotional Intelligence of Elementary School Students: Yun Hee Kwon, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2004;15(3):460-470. Published online September 30, 2004

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to find which variables among impulsiveness, aggression, and emotional intelligence can predict the game addiction of elementary school students best.
METHOD
We conducted the present study during the period from April 15, 2004 through June 5, 2004. The subjects of this study were elementary school students chosen from three elementary schools in the Daejeon area. The subjects were selected randomly from 4th, 5th, and 6th graders in those schools. The number of subjects selected was 601. The measurement tools used were the general information questionnaire, computer game addiction scales, impulsiveness scales, aggression scales, and emotional intelligence scales. The data was analyzed using the SPSS statistics program.
RESULTS
The mean score of the students was 49.94 on the computer game addiction scale, 56.17 on the impulsiveness scale, 141.19 on the aggression scale, while the mean score of the students on the emotional intelligence scale was 162.78. Various factors were significantly different in the levels of computer game addiction: grade (F=7.343, p=.000), sex (t=6.352, p=.000), school record (F=4.263, p=.004), parents' computer use (F=4.097, p=.008), history of playing games (F=10.739, p=.000), frequency of playing games (F=61.254, p=.000), and number of computer game titles (F=61.673, p=.004). The computer game addiction had significant correlations with impulsiveness (r=.401, p=.000), aggression (r=.612, p= .000), and emotional intelligence (r=.536, p=.000). All three factors of impulsiveness, aggression, and emotional intelligence affected the level of game addiction. Among these factors, the aggression affected the level of addiction the most.
CONCLUSION
These results will help the development of a systematic program for the prevention and treatment of computer game addiction by clarifying the effects of the computer game addiction upon the elementary school students' impulsiveness, aggression, and emotional intelligence.

A Correlation Study on Spiritual Well-being and Death Anxiety of the Elderly: Young Sook Kwon, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2003;14(1):132-143. Published online March 31, 2003

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
A descriptive correlation study was done to provide basic data for comprehensive nursing care by analyzing the relationship between spiritual well-being and death anxiety of the elderly.
METHOD
358 respondents who lived in facilities for elders such as nursing homes and elder's rehabilitation centers were selected, and their age was over 65 years old. Paloutzian and Ellison(1982)'s spiritual well-being scale and Park(1989)'s death Anxiety scale was used. From August 2nd to November 7th, 2002, readymade questionnaires were handed out by the researcher to those who could fill it out and for those who could not fill out the questionnaires alone, the researcher read it and completed it by interview. The data were analyzed with SPSS Win 10.0 program, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficient.
RESULT
1) The mean score for spiritual well being of the elderly was 43.95 in a possible range of 20-80. The mean score of religious well being was 22.22 and that of existential well being was 21.73 in a possible range of 10 - 40. 2) The mean score for death anxiety of the elderly was 109.04 in a possible range of 34 - 136. 3) There were significant differences in spiritual well being according to religion, and present occupation. 4) There were significant differences in death anxiety according to age, religion, and family status. 5) In testing concerning the relationship between spiritual well being and death anxiety, there was a statistically negative correlation(r=-.70 p=.000).
CONCLUSION
There was a negative correlation between spiritual well being and death anxiety. When the nurse implicates the nursing intervention, which can promote the spiritual well-being, elder's death anxiety also can be released.

Development of School Health Nursing Phenomena in Korea by Retrospective Method of ICNP: Young Im Kim, Soon Ok Yang, Myoung Ja Wang, Chung Nam Kim, Hyeon Suk Kim, Tae Nam Park, Mi Ja Chung, Hye Jin Hyun; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(4):595-607. Published online December 31, 2002

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Abstract PDF: The objectives of this study were to identify the phenomena of school health nursing at schools in Korea and to contribute to building a school health domain of international Classification for Nursing Practice. A retrospective method was used in this study to develop ICNP during the period from July to October 2001. The procedure of the study involved choosing nursing phenomena using preliminary terms from the reports on the field of school health nursing practice documented by nursing students in 10 different nursing colleages. The detail procedures of the study were as follows. 1) Choosing nursing phenomena by using preliminary terms 2) Choosing the characteristics of school health nursing practice from the selected nursing phenomena 3) In order to make a consensus regarding the appropriate characteristics of phenomena 15 study group members re-categorized the nursing phenomena through 5 times of cyber meetings and 3 times of formal meetings. 4) To verify each characteristic 5 community nursing faculties and 25 school health nurses participated in procedure to give scores on nursing characteristics. 5) classification of the definite nursing phenomena and characteristics. Following the 5 step procedures school health nursing phenomena were categorized into human and environmental domains Human domains were classified into human behavioral and functional domains Environmental domains were classified into physical and psychosocial domains. The essential characteristics of each phenomena were selected when it obtains the mean score of 3.0 or over at the related characteristics The human behavioral domain consisted of 7 phenomena including risk for spinal disorder inadequate dietary habit inadequate weight control smoking and substance abuse inadequate stress management inadequate sex related coping strategies and inadequate accident management. The human functional domain consisted of 6 phenomena including inadequate eye care and visual management risk for respiratory disorder inadequate dental health care inappropriate infectious disease control risk for gastrointestinal disorder and lack of sexual identify. The physical environmental domain consisted of 6 phenomena including risk for incident at inside classroom risk for incident at outside classroom risk for incident around school risk for exposure to hazardous facilities around school inadequate garbage and disposal management and inadequate physical environment for learning. The psychosocial domain included impaired social interaction at school. Each phenomenon was composed of 2 to 8 characteristics and all phenomena will include a total number of 85 characteristics. The phenomena of school health nursing in Korea partially confirmed school health architecture of ICNP further study on verification of school health nursing phenomena in Korea needs to be done to support the finding of this study through review of literature on nursing classifications or field studies.

Effects of a Ready Planned Self Growth Program through MBTI on Interpersonal Relationships and the Career Identity of Nursing College Students: Yun Hee Kwon, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(2):216-229. Published online June 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a self growth program through MBTI on interpersonal relationships, and the career identity of nursing college students.
METHODS
A randomized controlled pre-post test experimental design was used for this study. The 24 nursing students were randomly assigned into two groups: 12 for the experimental group, and 12 for the control group. The subjects were junior nursing students, who were randomly selected from an undergraduate nursing program at K university located in Daegu, Korea. The data was collected from March 18 to April 1, 2002. The MBTI self growth program used in this study was based on the one developed by Shim and Kim(1997). The 12 experimental group students received the group self growth program through MBTI for 15 hours, while the 12 control group students received no treatment, except a series of tests. The Korean version MBTI test used in this study was developed and verified for reliability and validity by Kim and Sim (1990). Change in inter-personal relationships was measured using the Relationship Change Scale developed by Schlein and Guerney (1971), and modified by Lee and Mun (1982). Career identity was measured using the My Vocational Situation developed by Holland, Daiger and Power (1980), and revised by Kim (1997). The data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 10.0 program, through which the 2 test, t-test, and Repeated measures ANOVA were examined.
RESULTS
1) The first hypothesis, "the experimental group that received the self growth program through MBTI will obtain a higher interpersonal relationship score than the control group", was supported (F=5.295, p=.031, Interaction; p=.000). 2) The second hypothesis, "the experimental group that received the self growth program through MBTI will obtain a higher career identity score than the control group", was supported (F=28.575, p=.000, Interaction; p=.000).
CONCLUSION
The results showed that the ready planned self growth program through MBTI had positive effects on improving the interpersonal relationships, and the career identity of nursing college students.

Effect of Sex Education on Middle School Students' Access to the Obscene Online Computer and Video Film Contents: Hae Ja Woo, Chung Nam Kim, Kyung Min Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2001;12(3):795-814. Published online December 31, 2001

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Abstract PDF: To evaluate the effect of sex education on middle school students' access to the obscene online computer and video film contents, 154 students were selected as experimental group, and 154 students were selected as control group, sampled randomly from Andong, Kyungbook, Korea. An analysis was performed. A non-equivalent control group pre test-post test research design was used. The data were collected from April 2nd to April 19th, 2001. A pre-survey was done on general characteristics and the condition of accessing obscene online computer and video film contents on both experimental and control group. From the survey results information, sex education contents were put together. The researcher organized 3 ready-made sex education program and explained to the four school health nurses about the ready-made sex education program step by step and they educated their selected students with three classes of 45 minutes lecture. Two weeks after the last lecture, a post-test was conducted. Four weeks from the last lecture, another post-test was conducted. The existing studies by Choi Yongseon(1998) and Kim Hyeok(1998) were reviewed and two professors in the department of community health nursing advised on the study questionnaire writing. An SPSS Win 10.0 was used. The data of respondents' general characteristics were analyzed using frequency and percentage. chi2 test was used to verify the homogeneity of the experimental group and the control group. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to find out whether sex education had an effect on the awareness of obscene online computer and video film contents and under-age prostitution through the online computer networks, and time and frequency of access to the obscene online computer and video film contents. The results of the study are as follow. 1. The results of the verification of homogeneity between the experimental group and the control group showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. 2. The first hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would have a higher level of awareness of accessing obscene contents than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.0001. 3. The second hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would have a higher level of awareness of underage prostitution on computer networks than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.05. 4. The third hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would spend time less accessing obscene video and computer contents than the control group which did not receive the education' was rejected at p>0.05. 5. The 4-1 hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would access obscene computer contents less frequently than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.0001. 6. The 4-2 hypothesis, 'the experimental group which received sex education would access obscene video contents less frequently than the control group which did not receive the education' was supported at p<0.0001. In conclusion, a systematic step-by-step sex education program should be developed to protect middle school students from the harmful online computer and video film access. An effective teaching material for sex education should be prepared to decrease middle school students' access to obscene online computer and video film contents.

Effect of Informational Support by Hospice Team on Family Caregivers of Terminally Ill Cancer Patient: Hye Won Lee, Chung Nam Kim, Myung Hwa Park; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2001;12(1):175-186. Published online March 31, 2001

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Abstract PDF: To evaluate the effect of informational support by hospice team on family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients, 22 family caregivers of D University Hospital in Daegu city were participated. The research was conducted from Aug. 16th to Oct. 28th 2000 by using self-reported questionnaires. The instruments used in this study were the Weinert's scale of perceived social support, Spielberger's state anxiety inventory, CES-D, and Ellison and Paloutzian's spiritual well-being scale. The intervention was designed to give educational and counselling program up to 7 times within 4 weeks. Educational and counselling booklets which made by the researcher were used step by step by hospice team. The data were analysed frequency, percentage, Wilcoxon Singed Ranks Test with SPSS Win 10.0/PC. The results obtained from this study were as follows ; 1. The perceived social support of family caregivers was significantly increased after ready planned informational support was applied by hospice team(z=-3.045, p=0.002). 2. The anxiety of family caregivers was significantly reduced after ready planned informational support was applied by hospice team(z=-3.348, p=0.001). 3. The depression of family caregivers was significantly reduced after ready planned informational support was applied by hospice team(z=-3.641, p=0.000). 4. The spiritual well-being score of family caregivers was not significantly improved after ready planned informational support was applied by hospice team(z=-0.422, p=0.673). In conclusion, the results of this study clearly suggests that the informational support provided by hospice team not only increased the family caregivers' who are caring for terminally ill cancer patients. Therefor the informational support program designed by researcher for family caregivers who are caring for terminally ill cancer patients should be utilized and expended.

Parishioner's role Expectations of Parish Nursing: Chung Nam Kim, Young Sook Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2000;11(1):231-244. Published online June 30, 2000

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Abstract PDF: Parish nursing is a community health nursing role developed in 1983 by Lutheran Chaplain Granger Westberg. An increasing emphasis on holistic care, personal responsibility for a healthy lifestyle, and changes in healthcare delivery systems have undoubtedly facilitated the establishment of an innovative nursing role in the community. Parish nurses are functioning in a variety of church congregations of various denominations. The parish nurse is a educator, a personal health counselor, a coordinator of volunteers. The parish nurses helps people relate to the complexed medical care system and assists people to integrate faith and health. The purpose of this study is to investigate what the korean parishioners want in parish nursing and what type of role expectation from parish nurse. The subjects were 1138 parishioners of 23 churches of various denominations in nationwide Korea. Data were collected by self-reported question naires from Feb 4 to June 25. 1999. The data were analyzed by using percentage. frequency, chi2-test. multiple Response set with SPSS program. The results are as follows: 1. Desired parish nursing contents by parish nurses are: psychological counselling(23.4%) out of private counselling. stress management(21.1 %) out of private health education. Emergency care(14.1%) out of group health education. Blood Pressure check-ups (19.0%) out of Health check ups. home visiting(44.9%) out of patient visiting method. B T. pulse, respiration and blood pressure check(15.0%) in Care to serve in home visiting. spiritual preparation to accept the death(41.7%) in hospice care, advices to choice of medical treatment using guide(50.1%) in introducing and guiding of health care facilities, pray(21.7%) in spiritual care.faith support. 2. Desired Health Teaching Content According to Period of Clients by Parish Nurse are: Vaccination(22.5%) in infant and toddler health management. sexual education(25.3%) in adolescent health management. prenatal care (29.5%) in pregnant health management. osteoporosis prevention and management (22.4%) in Middle aged health management. dementia prevention and management(25.5%) in elderly health management. 3. The expectant role from parish nurse is spiritual care.faith support(14.1%). patient visiting care(13.2%), hospice care(12.9%), private counseling(12.8%), health check ups (11.1 %), volunteer organization and training out of believer(11.0%), private health education (9.3%), group health education (8.3%). 4. In Necessity of Performing Parish Nursing according to Region, Most(over 95%) responded that nursing program is needed. so there is no significance between regions. In Performing Parish Nursing in their church, Most(92.2%) responded they want to perform program. 5. In case of performing parish nursing, 52% out of the subjects responded they want to participated in parish nursing volunteer's activity, for example. to be in active to be a companion to chat(42.1%), necessity support (25.3%), donation support(25.0%), exercise support(18.2%), vehicles support (9.9%). As a result. in holistic care and spiritual care, the need of parish nursing and the role expectation from parish nurse are very high among korean believers. Therefore, I suggest parish nursing centering around Taegu and Kyungbuk province should be extended to nationwide. For extending parish nursing program. more active advertisement and research is needed. After performing parish nursing program through out the country, further comparative research between regions should be practiced and Korean parish nursing program will be developed and activated.

A Study on Influencing Factors in Health Promoting Lifestyles of Female College Student: Mal Soon Kang, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2000;11(1):184-198. Published online June 30, 2000

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Abstract PDF: This descriptive correlational study was conducted to identify the variables related to a health promoting lifestyle in college female students. Participants were 232 female college student living in chinju city who selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from May to December. 1999. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. pearson correlation coefficient. t-test. ANOVA. Duncan verification and stepwise multiple regression with an SAS program. The result to this study were as follows; 1) The average score of a health promoting lifestyle performance was 97.19, the average score of each item was 2.37. among the each items. self-actualization was obtained the most high score(31.10) and stress management was obtained the low score(14.74). 2) The result of compare health promoting lifestyle performance with related variables was follows; (1) In intervention factor, school lifestyle level showed significant positive correlations with teaching relationship level. (2) In Analysis of relationship of health definition. self-efficacy, perceived health status. and perceived benefit & barriers of health that is recognition-perception factors. health promoting lifestyle performance showed significant positive correlations with health definition (r=.2948. p=.001) and self-efficacy (r=.4587. p=.001). (3) A health promoting lifestyle showed significant positive correlations with school lifestyle(9.9%), family support (12.8%), and relationship with teacher (14.6%). This result indicate that; 1) need to development the health promoting model that suitable to our situation. 2) need to development the health promoting model that include family member and application and test to women. 3) need to development of the health promotion program and health education to women. 4) need to study for find out variables that have a influence to stress management. exercise. nutrition. and health promoting performance with low score in test.

The Determinants of a Health Promoting Lifestyle in High school students: Woi Hyun Hong, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1999;10(2):330-346. Published online December 31, 1999

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Abstract PDF: This descriptive correlational study was conducted to identify the variables related to a health promoting lifestyle in high school students. 304 high school students and 189 vocational high school students living in Taegu city were selected by a convenience sampling method. The data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from August 24 to September 4, 1998. Pender and others' Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Shere et al's. Self-Efficacy scale, Wallston et al.'s Internal Health Locus of Control scale, Wares' Health self rating scale and Cohen & Hoberman's Social support scale were used. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, MANOVA, ANOVA. Tukey verification and Stepwise multiple regression with an SAS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average score of a health promoting lifestyle performance was 2.38(SD=.36) of a 4 point scale .Self-actualization (mean=2.80. SD=.60). interpersonal support(mean=2.73, SD=.47), health responsibility (mean=1.53, SD=.47), nutrition(mean=2.64, SD=.63), exercise(mean=2.71. SD=.72) and stress management(mean=2.37, SD=.58) were also analyzed. 2. The combination of self-efficacy, social-support, internal health locus of control. father's educational level and perceived health status explained 37.97% of the variance in health promoting lifestyles. 3. A Health promoting lifestyle showed significant positive correlations with self efficacy(r=.5173. p=.0011), perceived health status(r=.254, p=.001) and internal health locus of control(r=.321. p=.001). 4. According to sex(t=7.38. p=.006). economic state(F=6.62, p=.00l), Father's educational level(F=4.25, p=.005), mother's educational level(F=6.94. p=.000l), the grade of educational performance(F=3.74, p=.024), sleeping hours(F=3.47. p=.032) and social support(F=40.76, p=.0001). there were significant differences and modifying factors in health promoting lifestyles. On the basis of the above findings. self-efficacy in cognitive factors, and social support in modifying factors were identified as the variables which explained most of Pender's health-promotion model. Nursing strategies enhancing self-efficacy and social support which have a more significant effect on health promoting lifestyles should be developed. Further research is required to find out the factors influencing health pormoting lifestyle of high school students.

Effects of Sex Education on Sex-Related Knowledge and Attitudes of Middle School Girls: Sook Young Ha, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1999;10(1):227-238. Published online June 30, 1999

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Abstract PDF: The goal of this study is to discover the effect of sex education on sex-related knowledge and attitudes of middle school girls. Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The number of experimental group students was 134 and the number of control group students was 134. A total of 268 second grade middle school girls were selected for a convenience sampling method. This study was carried out in a middle school located in Taegu City, Korea, from February 5 to February 18, 1998. To des cover the needs of sex education, the researcher sent a predesigned questionnaire to 1464 girls in 19 different middle schools. The sex education curriculum was designed on the basis of this survey's results. 'The Sex Education Teaching Plan' (published by the Research Institution of Korean School Health Education) and 'Sex and Happiness' (published by the Seoul City Education Ministry) were used to redesign the sex education curriculum and content. Fifty minute long sex education classes were taught to the experimental group every other day and the total number of classes was five. The contents of the teaching-learning plan for sex education were: 'The Characteristics of Adolescence', 'Pregnancy and Contraception', 'Friendship with the Opposite Sex and Prevention of Sexual Violence', 'Prevention of Venereal Disease', and 'Sex and Society'. To measure the degree of sex knowledge of the subjects, the researcher used the modified sex knowledge tools of Kim(l995) and Han(1997). The reliability values of these sex knowledge tools range from 0.71 to 0.74, using Cronbach's alpha. To measure the degree of sex attitude in the subjects, the researcher used the modified sex attitudes tools of Han(l997). The reliability values of these sex attitude tools range from 0.73 to 0.78 using Cronbach's alpha. The PC-SAS package program was used to analyse the data along with Frequency, Percentage, chi2test, t-test, and a paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The first hypothesis was accepted. The experimental group showed more change in sex-related knowledge than the control group(t=22.76, p=0.0001). 2. The second hypothesis was accepted. The experimental group showed more change in sex-related attitudes than the control group (t=11.91, p=0.0001). In conclusion, the level of sex-related knowledge and sex-related attitudes of middle school girls who received sex education was higher than that of the girls who did not receive sex education. According to this research, planned sex education was effective in forming accurate knowlege and appropriate attitudes related to sex. Clearly, we must carry out a well-designed step by step sex education program that is well-suited to the sex education needs and the developmental level of the students.

A Correlation Study on Spiritual Wellbeing, Hope and Perceived Health Status of the Elderly: Mi Soon Sung, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1999;10(1):53-69. Published online June 30, 1999

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Abstract PDF: A descriptive correlation study was done to provide a basic data for comprehensive nursing care by analyzing the relationship between spiritual wellbeing, hope and perceived health status of the elderly. 195 respondents who lived at their homes and 148 respondents who lived at the facilities for elders such as nursing homes and elder's rehabilitation centers were selected and their age was over 60 years old. Paloutzian and Ellison(1982)'s spiritual wellbeing scale, Nowotny(1989)'s hope scale and Northern Illinois University's health self rating scale was used. From August 10th to August 25th, 1998, ready made questionnaires were handed out by researcher to those who can fill it out and for those who cannot fill out the questionnaires alone, the researcher read it and finished by interview. This study used Pearson's correlation coefficient for the hypothetic test and the average point and standard deviation of spiritual wellbeing, hope, and perceived health status were checked. To find out the difference between spiritual wellbeing, hope, and perceived health status by general characteristics ANOVA and Tukey test were used. The results are as follows : 1. The mean score for spiritual wellbeing of the elders was 42.27(SD+/-9.67) in a possible range of 20-80. The average point of spiritual wellbeing was 2.11(SD+/-0.97) point to 4 point full marks. The mean score of religious wellbeing was 21.37(SD+/-7.02) and that of existential wellbeing was 20.90(SD+/-4.63) in a possible range of 10-40. The average point of religious wellbeing was 2.14(SD+/-0.70)points and existential wellbeing was 2.09(SD+/-0.46) points to 4 point full marks. 2. The mean score for hope was 67.16(SD+/-12.28) in a possible range of 29-116. The average point of hope was 2.31(SD+/-0.42) points to 4 point full marks. 3. The mean score for perceived health status was 8.72(SD+/-2.49) in a possible range of 4-14. 4. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and hope, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.5209, p=0.0001). 5. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and perceived health status, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.1427, p=0.0081). 6. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between hope and perceived health status, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.2797, p=0.0001). 7. There were significant differences in spiritual wellbeing according to sex, religion, and present occupation. 8. There were significant differences in hope according to residential places, age, religion, educational level, family status, average monthly pocket money. 9. There were significant differences in perceived health status according to residential places, sex, age, educational level, present occupation and family status. From the above results it can be concluded that: There was a positive correlation between spiritual wellbeing and hope, spiritual wellbeing and perceived health status, hope and perceived health status. When the nurse implicate the nursing intervention which can be promote the spiritual wellbeing and hope, elder's perceived health status also can be improved.

A Study on Spouse Support, Self Esteem and Psychosocial Adjustment of Patients in Mastectomy: Eun Young Lee, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1998;9(2):550-563. Published online December 31, 1998

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Abstract PDF: This study was designed to provide the basic data of effective nursing intervention for alleviation of psychosocial adjustment of patients in mastectomy after identifying the correlation between the spouse support, self esteem and psychosocial adjustment. The study subjects were 83 postmastectomy patients who visited the outpatient clinic at 3 university hospitals in Taegu city from September 10, 1997 to October 16 1997. Data was collected by researcher and face-to-face interview was conducted. Nam's spouse support scale(1987), Rosenberg's self esteem instrument (1965), Derogatis' Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale were used. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and ANOVA with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The mean score for the spouse support of the subjects was 3.73, self esteem was 3.69 and psychosocial adjustment was 3.61points. 2. According to the patient's hope of breast reconstruction(t=2.04, p=0.0445), there was significant difference of self esteem. According to the patient's family number( t=2.31, p=0.0237), there was significant difference of the psychosocial adjustment. 3. Perceived spouse support and self esteem had statistically significant positive correlations(r=0.5120, p=0.0001). Perceived spouse support and psychosocial adjustment had statistically significant positive correlations(r=0.4187, p=0.0001). Perceived self esteem and psychosocial adjustment had statistically significant positive correlations(r=0.6296, p=0.0001). Therefore, to increase the level of psychosocial adjustment of patients in mastectomy, it will be effective to supportive nursing intervention by improving spouse support and enhancing self esteem.

A Survey of Sexual Knowledge, Attitude, and the Need for Sex Education in Middle School Students: Yun Jung Oh, Chung Nam Kim, Suk Young Ha; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1998;9(2):467-481. Published online December 31, 1998

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this survey, in which 2754 students from 35 middle schools from Taegu city participated, was to identify the degree and the relationship of sexual knowledge, sexual attitude and need for sex education. This information will provide useful data, and promote a more systematic, desirable and practical sex education. The data was collected from September 1 to November 8, 1997. Data was analyzed using the statistical computer package, SPSS to manipulate the data along with percentage, mean, chi2-test, t-test, F-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results from this study were summarized as follows: 1. The mean score of sex related knowledge showed significant differences between boys and girls in general knowledge(boys: 10.85 girls: 11.71, p=0.000), in the area of physical development(boys : 5.29 girls: 5.72, p=0.000), pregnancy & physiology (boys: 3.23 girls: 3.57, p=0.000) and venereal disease (boys: 2.33 girls: 2.42, p=0.000). 2. The mean score of sex related attitudes showed a significant differences between boys and girls on the whole(boys : 57.68 girls: 58.92, p=0.000), in the area of psychological differences of the other sex (boy: 26.13, girls: 28.08, p=0.000), and sexual delinquency and its prevention(boy: 14.28, girls: 13.68, p=0.000). However, in the area of other sex friendships (boy: 17.28, girls: 17.16, p=0.274). There were no significant differences between boys and girls. 3. Those who had a higher sex related knowledge score showed more positive attitudes towards sex, but was of no statistical significance(r=0.312, p=0.000). 4. The majority of subjects wanted to learn about friendship with the other sex(40.1%), about physical and psychological differences in adolescence(24.0%), about prevention of sexual violence(15.0%), about pregnancy and delivery (7.5%), about venereal disease and medical cures(7.3%), about contraception methods (4.3%), as well as other aspects of sexual knowledge (1.8%). 5. The mean score of sex related knowledge generally was higher when one paid a lot of attention to health (F=3. 148, p=0.014), when one's father was alive(t=3.930, p=0.000), and when one's mother was alive(t=2.807, p=0.005), Hobby activities also showed a significant difference(F=9.092, p=0.000). The mean score of sex related knowledge generally according higher when one had sex education(F=9.470, p=0.000), when one obtained sexual knowledges from a teacher (F=5. 742, p=0.000), and when one had middle grade problems with sex(F=13.58 4, p=0.000). 6. The mean score of sex related attitudes generally showed significant differences when re ligion(F=2.691, p=0.03), hobbies (F=3.499, p=0.002) were considered. Those who had a father also had higher scores(t=2.538, p=0.011). The mean score of sex related attitudes generally with respect to a subject's sex was higher when one had sex education(t=5.338, p=0.000), when one had high grade problems with sex(F=6.023, p=0.002), and when one had the experience of friendship with the other sex(t=8.106, p=0.000). The following suggestions are based on the above results. 1. Systematic sex education must be performed in middle schools in order to establish responsible attitudes toward sex. 2. Sexual knowledge, attitude, and general sex education classes must be performed seperately for early, middle, and late adolescents, In other words sex education programs are needed for each adolescent development stage.

A Cross-sectional Survey on Drug Abuse among High School Students in Taegu City: Hyun Sook Lee, Chung Nam Kim, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1997;8(2):347-367. Published online December 31, 1997

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate drug abuse and to find related factors among high school students. The subjects for this study were 973 students from 10 high schools in Taegu city. The data were collected from September 30, 1996 to October 30, 1996. The questionnaire developed by Kim Soyoaja (1991) surveyed adolescent drug use and questions on smoking and drinking were readjusted and added by the researcher based on review. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, chi2-test, t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient with the SPSS/PC+. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The proportion of students who drank alcohol 1-2 times or more per year was 52.4% and smoked Cigarette 1 -2 times or more per year was 20.8%. The 7 different drugs(Analgetics 5.7%. sleeping pills and sedatives 4.2%, antihistamines 1.1%. stimulants 7.7%, hallucinogens 0.8%, inhalants 3.3%, and narcotics 0.6%) were also evaluated. 2. There was a significant relationship between drinking and type of school(chi2=62.97, p<.0l), grades(chi2=33.86, p<.001), school life(chi2= 19.04, p<.001), and delinquent friends(chi2= 64.72, p<.001). 3. There was a significant relationship between smoking and type of school(chi2=153.65, p<.001), grades (chi2=67.53, p<.001), their respect for teachers (chi2=33.80, p<.001) school life(chi2 =50.87, p<.001), and delinquent friends(chi2 =85.28, p<.001). 4. There was a significant relationship between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and type of school (chi2=14.65, p<.01), grades(chi2=12.89, p<.01), their respect for teachers (chi2=8.46, p<.05), and delinquent friends(chi2=22.42, p<.001). 5. There was a significant relationship between a parent's habitual drug abuse and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(chi2=7.78, p<.01), as well as a parent's attitude toward drugs and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(chi2=6.33, p<.05). 6. There was a significant difference between drinking(t=-12.53, p<.001), smoking(t=-15.98, p<.001), the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(t=-5.77, p<.001), and the respondant's delinquent experience. 7. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4166, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2200, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1428, p<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.5977, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2849, p<. 001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1711, p<.05) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and smoking(r=.4219, p<.001), drinking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.2611, p<.001), smoking and the 7 different kinds of drug abuse(r=.1764, p<.001) among female students. 8. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.0709, p<.05) drinkry and parent -child relationships (r=.1321, p<.01), drinking and mother's rearing attitude(r=.0704, p<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships(r=.0813, p<.05). There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.14S7, p<.01), drinkng and parent-child relationships(r=.2147, p<.001), smoking and family stability(r=.1544, p<.01), smoking and parent. -child relationships (r=. 2018, p<.01) among male students. There was a correlation between drinking and family stability(r=.1l21, p<.05), drinking and mother's rearing attitude (r=.0988, p<.05), smoking and parent -child relationships (r=. 0940, p<.05) among female students. 9. There was a significant difference between the 7 different kinds of drug abuse and family stability (t=2.23, p<.05), parent-child relationships (t=4. 34, p<.001), satisfaction with family (t=4.02, p<.001), father's rearing attitude(t=3.04, p<.01), mother's rearing attitude(t=2.87, p<.01). The distribution channel of drugs including alcohol beverages and cigarettes should be evaluated and restructured to discourage student's temptation and to limit accessibility. The step by step preventive teaching on alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is needed from middle school to help prevent further drug abuse.

The Relationship between Health Belief.Self-efficacy and Exercise.Diet Compliance in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: Myung Hee Nam, Chung Nam Kim, Yun Jung Oh; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1997;8(2):262-276. Published online December 31, 1997

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Abstract PDF: This study evaluates the relationship between health belief.self-efficacy and exercise and diet compliance in coronary heart disease patients. The study subjects were 96 CHD patients who visited the outpatient clinic at 3 general hospitals in Taegu city from April 3, 1997 to May 3, 1997. Data was collected by the researcher and two registered nurses who work at a cardiac outpatient clinic. Face-to-face interview was conducted. Moon's health belief scale(l990) and Hicky and others' Cardiac Diet Self-Efficacy Instrument (CDSEI, 1992), Cardiac Exercise Self-Efficacy Instrument (CESEI, 1992) were used. The instrument developed by the researcher based on the reference review was used to measure exercise and diet compliance. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA, Tukey verification and Stepwise multiple regression with the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The degree of health belief(score range: 1-4) perceived benefit: 3.06 barrier: 2.04 severity: 2.93 2. The degree of self-efficacy(score range: 1-5) exercise self-efficacy: 2.91 diet self-efficacy: 3.32 3. The degree of compliance (score range: 1-4) exercise compliance: 2.34 diet compliance: 2.95 4. The exercise compliance had a positive correlation with perceived benefit(r=0.5327, p=0. 0001), severity(r=0.2780, p=0.0061), exercise self-efficacy(r=0.6675, p=0.0001), and a negative correlation with barrier{r= -0.4236, p=0.0001). The diet compliance had a positive correlation with perceived benefit (r=0.6439, p=0.0001), severity(r=0.4244, p=0.0001), diet self-efficacy(r=0.6629, p=0.0001), and a negative correlation with barrier{r= -0.5098, p=0.0001). 5. According to pt's education level, (F=3.02, p=0.0336), received massage from mass media on exercise and diet(t=3.81, p=0.0002), presence of cardiac patients in the family members or friends(t=2.00, p=0.0478), created significant differences in exercise compliance. According to occuption(F=3.03, p=0.0215), hospitalized experience(t=4.59, p=0.0000), presence of chest pain(t=3.63, p=0.0005), there was also a significant difference in diet compliance. 6. The combination of exercise self-efficacy, perceived benefit and pt's education level explained 50.18% of the variance in exercise compliance. The combination of diet self-efficacy, perceived benefit and barrier explained 56.76% of the variance in diet compliance. On the basis of the above findings, the follow ing recommendations are suggested: 1. To promote the exercise. diet compliance for CHD patients, a well organized health teaching and nursing intervention program should be developed. 2. More research is needed to investigate other variables affecting exercise and diet compliance of CHD patients. 3. To promote self-efficacy and a positive health belief in CHD patients, a well organized and an approachable nursing intervention program should be developed. 4. Factors other than diet.exercise compliance should be evaluated to discover the impact on CHD patients.

Analysis of Church based parish nursing activities in Teagu city: Chung Nam Kim, Jeong Sook Park, Young Sook Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1996;7(2):384-399. Published online December 31, 1996

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Abstract PDF: The concept of parish nursing began in the late 1960s in the United States when increasing numbers of churches employed registered nurses (RNs) to provide holistic, preventive health care to the members of their congregations. Parish nursing role was developed in 1983 by Lutheran chaplain Granger Westberg, and provides care to a variety of church congregation of various denominations. The parish nurse functions as health educator, counselor, group facilitator, client advocate, and liaison to community resources. Since these activities are complementary to the population-focused practice of community health CNSs, parish nurses either have a strong public health background or work directly with both baccalaureate-prepared public health nurses and CNSs. In a Midwest community in U.S.A., the Healthy People 2000(1991) objectives are being addressed in health ministries through a coalition between public health nurses and parish nurses. Parish nursing is in the beginning state in Korea and up untill now, there has been no research was conducted on concrete role of korean parish nurses. The main purpose of this study was to identify, classify and analyze activities of parish nurses. The other important objective of this study was to establish an effective approach and direction for parish nursing and provide a database for korean parish nursing model through analysis and classification of the content of the nursing record which included nursing activities. This study was a descriptive survey research. The parish nurses were working in churches where the demonstration project developed on parish nursing. The study was done on all nursing records which were working in churches where the demonstration project developed on parish nursing. The study was done on all nursing records which were documented by parish nurses in three churches from March, 1995 to February, 1996. Namsan, Taegu Jeei and Nedang presbyterian churches in Taegu and Keimyung nursing college incooperated together for the parish nursing demonstration project. The data analysis procedure was as follows: First, a record analysis tool was developed and second, the data was collected, coded and analyzed, the classification for nursing activities was developed through a literature review, from which the basic analysis tool was produced and cotent validity review was also done. The classification of the activities of parish nurses showed 7 activitity categories. 7 activity categories consisted of visitation nursing, health check-ups, health education, referring, attending staff meetings, attending inservices and seminar, volunteers coordinating. The percentage of activities were as follows: Visitation nursing(A: 51.6%, B: 55%, C: 42.6%) Health check-ups(A: 13.5%, B: 12.1%, C: 22.3%) Health education(A: 13.5%, B: 13.2%, C: 18.2%) Referring(A: 1.4%, B: 4.2%, C: 2.4%) Attending staff meeting(A: 18.8%, B: 13.0%, C: 12.2%) Attending inservices and seminar(A: 1.5%, B: 2.2%, C: 2.1%) Volunteers coordinating(A: 0.3%, B: 0.4%, C: 0.0%) To establish and develope parish nursing delivery network in Korea, parish nurses role, activities and boundaries of practice should be continuously monitored and refined every 2 years. Also, It is needed to develope effective nursing recording system based on the need assessment research data of various congregation members. role, activities and boundaries of practice and arrangement of the working structure, continuing education, cooperation with community resources and structuring and organizing parish nursing delivery network. Also, It is needed to develope effective nursing recording system based on the need assessment research data of various congregation members.

Comparison of Health Practice and Health status of college students according to Sex: Kyung Min Park, Young Sook Kwon, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1996;7(2):257-264. Published online December 31, 1996

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare health practice and health status college students according to sex. The data consisted of a random sample of 743 students (388 males and 355 females) at 4 colleges in Pohang city. The analytic methods for the study were chi-square analysis and an odds ratio analysis. The results were as follows: 1. The most prevalent religious group was protestant (35.7%). The most prevalent monthly income of parents was 100-200 million won. The educational level of the father was college level or more for 60% of the samples for the mother, 70% was a high school graduate or more. 2. As far as health practice female students practiced better health than male students concerning smoking while male students practiced better health than female students in exercise and BMI(P<.001). 3. Odds ratio (OR) of the female students to the male students for BMI (odds ratio=0.30), exercise(odds ratio=0.15), alcohol drinking (odds ratio=0.69) were all significantly smaller than 1. On the other hand, ORS for smoking was significantly greater than 1. 4. A good health pratice score(5-7) were 38.1% in male students and 26.9% in female students. 5. Health pratice had a statistically significant association with physical well-being among male students. OR of the bad health pratice for physical well-being (OR=1.59) was significantly greater than 1.

Pastor's Expectations from Parish Nurses: Young Sook Kwon, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1996;7(1):154-169. Published online June 30, 1996

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Abstract PDF: Parish nursing is a community health nursing role developed in 1983 by Lutheran chaplain Granger Westberg. An increasing emphasis on holistic care, personal reseponsibility for a healthy lifestyle, and changes in healthcare delivery systems have undoubtedly facilitated the establishment and nurturance of an innovative nursing role in the community. Parish nurses are functioning in a variety of church congregations of various denominations. The parish nurse is a educator, a personal health counselor, a coordinator of volunteers. The parish nurses helps people relate to the complexed medical care system and assists people to integrate faith and health. The autors conducted a study on pastor's expectations from parish nurses.
Results
of this study will be useful to those instrumental in planning, initiating, supporting, and evaluating a parish nurses program The research was done on 130 pastors in Taegue and Kyong Sang Buck Do, of various ages ranging from their 20's to 60's: and pastoring churches of various sizes, ranging from under 100 to over 300 members. 94.6% agreed that they needed a parish nurse on their staff; and 86.2% said they wanted to start a parish nurse program in their churches if certain basic conditions were met. The pastors responded that some would hire the nurses on a full-time basis(22.3%), a part -time basis (37.7%) or use volunteer nurses (40%). The pastors said they would expect the following from a parish nurse: health counselling (80.0%) regular health check-ups (78.5%) health care for the elderly (78.5%) health information and education (72.3%) hospice care (72.3%) visiting sick church members at home (69.2%) arranging and training volunteers to help the seek (59.2%) health care for expectant mothers (50.0%) introducing and taking people to health care facilities (46.2%) The pastors were surveyed about specific areas of health education they would want the parish nurse to teach(for example, high blood pressure and heart disease prevention and management(76.2%) ; stress management(74.6%); and diabetes prevention and management(73.8%). The pastors were surveyed about specific areas of health counselling they would expect the parish nurse to do (for example, drug abuse, (73.1), alcohol abuse(64.6%), marriage conflict(60.0%), recovery after the loss of a loved one(56.9%), and women's conflict with parents-in-law(53.8%). The pastors were surveyed about types of things they would want included in regular health check-ups, what they would want a parish nurse to do on home visits, and what they would want included in home care for the elderly. They were also surveyed on what kind of spiritual care they would like parish nurses to give. Most (90.7%) wanted their parish, parishioners to be involved in the parish nurses program as volunteers, and in a variety of ways(such as visiting sick in their homes(68.5%) and helping with housework(63.1%) and taking sick people to health facilities(60%). Parish nurses role, activities, and boundaries of practice should be continuously monitored and refined and a "case manager" should be conceptualized as an additional or all-encompassing role. An initial parish / community needs and readiness assessment should be done prior to establishing a program to detemine if the congregation is ready, willing, and able to support such a position for at least a 2 to 3 year period.

A Survey on Low Back Pain of General Hospital Nurses: Young Sook Kwon, Chung Nam Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1996;7(1):100-117. Published online June 30, 1996

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of the survey was to find out the prevalence rate and related factors for low back pain of nurses and to develop educational program for prevention of the low back pain. The subjects of the survey were 593 nurses of general hospitals in Tae-gu City. The survey was conducted from June 10, 1994 to October 3, 1994. The questionnaire included 34 question items concerning general characteristics, factors related to low back pain, physical nursing activities, and characteristics of low back pain. The results were as follows : 1. Among 593 of subjects, the prevalence rate of low back pain showed 62.1%. 2. In relation of health related life activities and low back pain prevalence, self-reported health state was highly significant(P=.000). 3. In relation of work environmental factors and low back pain prevalence, job satisfaction (P=.026), job stress(P=.020), and workload(P=.002) were significant. 4. In relation of physical nursing activities and low back pain prevalence, bending (P=.000), trunk twisting(P=.003), stretching(P=.006), and pulling and pushing(P=.046) were significant. 5. Physical nursing activities inducing back stress was varicant according to wards. The results of this study pointed out that the subjects' low back pain prevalence was related to the work-related physiologic and psychologic factors. Therefore, for the effective prevention of low back pain, both practicing the body mechanics and raising the morale of the nurses are needed in educational program.

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